Materials and mix proportion. The materials used of ECC are 42.5 N ordinary Portland cement (OPC), fly ash (FA), water, natural river sand, granite dust (GD), poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber, and super plasticizer as shown in Fig. 1.The specific gravity and Blain fineness of OPC are 3.14 and 3988 cm 2 /g, respectively, which meet the requirements …Web