Arshadi et al., using an initial concentration of 100 mg L −1 for phosphate, determined a poor adsorbate removal by nZVI. In the meantime, after immobilization of nZVI on OBW, the NPs showed a good dispersion, reaching a removal of 97.7%, 91%, and 32.6%, when initial phosphate concentration was 30, 110, and 1000 mg L −1, …Web